EXAM: WAEC 2025
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL
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(3a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
The lithosphere is the solid outermost layer of the earth composed of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.
OR
The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the earth, consisting of the brittle upper portion of the mantle
(3b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It is rigid and solid.
(ii) It is made up of the crust and upper mantle.
(iii) It is divided into tectonic plates.
(iv) It varies in thickness.
(v) It contains natural resources.
(3c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Source of Minerals: The lithosphere provides valuable minerals such as gold, coal, iron, and limestone used in industries and construction.
(ii) Supports Agriculture: It contains fertile soil layers that support crop farming and food production.
(iii) Foundation for Human Settlements: Human settlements, roads, and buildings are constructed on the solid surface of the lithosphere.
(iv) Provides Forest Resources: The lithosphere supports forests which supply timber, fuelwood, and other plant-based materials.
(v) Source of Fossil Fuels: It contains fossil fuels like crude oil, natural gas, and coal that are essential for energy production.
(vi) Habitat for Terrestrial Organisms: Land animals, plants, and microorganisms live on or in the lithosphere.
(vii) Regulates Natural Processes: It plays a role in processes such as erosion, weathering, and nutrient cycling.
(viii) Supports Infrastructure Development: It allows the development of infrastructure such as roads, railways, and bridges by providing a stable base.
(4a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
An artesian well is a well drilled into an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or sediment, where the water is trapped between two impermeable layers and is under enough pressure that it rises up the well naturally, sometimes flowing out at the surface without pumping.
OR
An artesian well is a type of well drilled into a confined aquifer where the water is under pressure. This pressure forces the water to rise up the well without the need for pumping, sometimes even flowing out naturally at the surface.
(4b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Presence of a confined aquifer: The water must be stored between two impermeable layers of rock which trap it under pressure.
(ii) Adequate recharge zone: There must be a higher ground where rainwater can seep into the aquifer.
(iii) Sufficient pressure: The natural pressure in the aquifer must be enough to force the water to the surface when tapped.
(iv) Porous rock layer: The water-holding layer must be permeable, like sandstone, to allow water storage and flow.
(v) Tilted structure: The rock layers should be inclined to allow pressure buildup.
(vi) Impermeable rock above and below: This ensures water does not escape and remains under pressure.
(4c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Artesian wells provide a steady and often clean source of groundwater without the need for pumping.
(ii) They are useful for supplying water to farms and crops, especially in areas where surface water is scarce.
(iii) The water from artesian wells is often clean and safe for domestic use, providing drinking water for communities.
(iv) Industries can use artesian wells as a source of water for processing, cooling, and other needs.
(v) Because the water is under pressure and rises naturally, it reduces or eliminates the need for mechanical pumping, saving energy and cost.
(vi) Artesian wells can provide water in arid or drought-prone regions where other water sources are unavailable.
(5a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Weather refers to atmospheric conditions over a short period (hours or days), while climate refers to average weather conditions over a long period (usually 30 years).
OR
Weather changes frequently and rapidly, while climate is relatively stable and predictable over time.
(5b)
(5c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Cyclonic rainfall improves soil moisture content, which is essential for the germination of seeds and the healthy growth of crops.
(ii) It provides a dependable source of water for agricultural activities, especially during planting seasons.
(iii) Cyclonic rainfall contributes to the replenishment of surface and underground water bodies.
(iv) It helps moderate high temperatures by cooling the atmosphere during periods of intense heat.
(v) Cyclonic rainfall aids in purifying the air by removing dust particles, smoke, and harmful pollutants from the atmosphere.
(7a)
(i) Deflation
(ii) Abrasion
(iii) Attrition
(7bi)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Both are landforms shaped by wind erosion.
(ii) Both have streamlined shapes aligned with the prevailing wind direction.
(iii) Both are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions.
(iv) Both result from differential erosion of rocks.
(v) Both influence local wind patterns by their shapes.
(7bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) A zeugen is formed mainly by the erosion of softer rock layers beneath harder rock caps, creating mushroom-shaped features, while a yardang is carved entirely by wind abrasion and deflation, forming elongated ridges.
(ii) Zeugens are typically isolated rock formations, whereas yardangs occur as a series of parallel ridges.
(iii) Zeugens have a protective hard cap rock, but yardangs are made mostly of uniform soft rock.
(iv) Yardangs are usually longer and more uniform in shape than zeugens.
(v) Zeugens are formed primarily by erosion beneath a cap rock, while yardangs form from both deflation and abrasion across the whole rock surface.
(8a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Natural environment refers to all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth without human influence, such as mountains, rivers, plants, animals, soil, air, and climate.
OR
Natural environment is the physical world made up of natural features and ecosystems that support life, including landforms, water bodies, atmosphere, vegetation, and wildlife.
(8b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Deforestation: The large-scale cutting down of trees for timber, farming, or construction leads to loss of forest cover, soil erosion, and disruption of ecosystems.
(ii) Pollution: Releasing harmful substances into the air, water, and soil through industrial waste, vehicle emissions, and improper waste disposal contaminates the environment.
(iii) Overgrazing: Excessive grazing by livestock damages vegetation cover and exposes the soil to erosion and degradation.
(iv) Mining Activities: Mining for minerals and crude oil causes land degradation, water pollution, and destruction of habitats.
(v) Urbanization: Expanding cities and constructing buildings leads to the conversion of natural lands into concrete spaces, reducing biodiversity.
(vi) Improper Agricultural Practices: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides depletes soil nutrients and contaminates water sources.
(vii) Burning of Fossil Fuels: The use of coal, oil, and gas for energy releases greenhouse gases that cause climate change and global warming.
(8c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Afforestation and Reforestation: Planting new trees and restoring lost forest areas help in preventing soil erosion, preserving biodiversity, and improving air quality.
(ii) Proper Waste Management: Encouraging recycling, safe disposal of industrial waste, and reduction of plastic use help to minimize pollution.
(iii) Environmental Education and Awareness: Educating the public about the importance of environmental conservation promotes responsible behavior and sustainable practices.
(iv) Enforcement of Environmental Laws: Governments can implement and enforce regulations that protect natural resources and punish environmental offenders.
(v) Promotion of Renewable Energy: Using solar, wind, and hydroelectric power reduces dependence on fossil fuels and helps combat global warming.
(vi) Sustainable Farming Practices: Encouraging the use of organic fertilizers, crop rotation, and controlled grazing helps to maintain soil fertility and reduce environmental degradation.
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