EXAM: WAEC 2025
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
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(1a)
(i)Rapid population growth: Developing countries often experience high rates of urbanization as people migrate from rural areas to cities in search of opportunities.
(ii)Informal settlements:
Due to rapid urbanization and lack of affordable housing, many urban areas in developing countries have a significant presence of informal settlements or slums.
(iii)Inadequate infrastructure: Urban areas in developing countries often struggle with inadequate infrastructure, including limited access to clean water, sanitation, electricity, and transportation.
(iv)High levels of unemployment and
poverty: Despite the opportunities that cities offer, many urban residents in developing countries face high levels of unemployment and poverty.
(v)Social and economic
inequalities: Urban areas in developing countries often exhibit significant social and economic inequalities, with disparities in access to resources, opportunities, and services.
(1b)
(i)Food supply: Urban areas depend on rural settlements for their food supply, as rural areas are often the primary producers of agricultural products.
(ii)Labor force: Rural areas often provide a labor force for urban industries and services, as people migrate from rural areas to cities in search of employment.
(iii)Natural resources: Urban areas depend on rural areas for natural resources, such as water, timber, and minerals.
(iv)Recreation and tourism: Rural areas often provide recreational and tourist opportunities for urban residents, offering a break from the hustle and bustle of city life.
Cultural and social
(v)connections: Urban areas often maintain cultural and social connections with surrounding rural areas, as many urban residents have family and cultural ties to rural communities.
(2a)
The balance of trade is the difference between a country's total value of exports and its total value of imports over a specific period.
(2b)
(i)Demand for raw materials: Developed countries often require raw materials and agricultural products that are abundant in Tropical Africa.
(ii)Demand for manufactured goods: Tropical African countries often need manufactured goods and technologies that are produced in developed countries.
(iii)Investment: Foreign direct investment from developed countries can help boost production and trade in Tropical Africa.
(iv)Trade agreements: Trade agreements between Tropical African countries and developed countries can reduce trade barriers and promote trade.
(v)Transportation: Improvements in transportation infrastructure, such as ports and roads, can facilitate trade.
(2c)
(i)Increased economic growth: Trade can increase economic growth by allowing countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage.
(ii)Access to new markets: International trade provides access to new markets for Tropical African products, which can lead to increased sales and revenue.
(iii)Access to technology: International trade can provide access to new technologies and know-how, which can help to improve productivity and efficiency.
(iv)Job creation: International trade can create new jobs in export-oriented industries.
(3a)
Pipeline transportation is the method of transporting liquids and gases through a system of pipes from one location to another. It is commonly used for the movement of petroleum products, natural gas, and water over long distances in a safe, efficient, and continuous manner.
(3b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Crude oil
(ii) Natural gas
(iii) Petrol (gasoline)
(iv) Diesel
(v) Water
(vi) Liquid chemicals
(3ci)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It helps to reduce road congestion and traffic accidents.
(ii) It is a cost-effective means of transporting large volumes over long distances.
(iii) It requires less maintenance compared to road and rail transport.
(iv) It provides a steady and uninterrupted flow of products.
(v) It minimizes environmental pollution when well-maintained.
(vi) It reduces the need for storage and handling at multiple points.
(3cii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Vandalism and theft often lead to loss of products and damage.
(ii) The initial cost of constructing pipelines is very high.
(iii) Leakages and bursts can cause serious environmental pollution.
(iv) Construction and maintenance are difficult in remote or forested areas.
(v) Pipelines have fixed routes and limited flexibility.
(vi) Communities may be displaced during the laying of pipelines.
*WAEC GEOGRAPHY*
(5a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Favourable Climate Conditions: Nigeria’s tropical climate provides the high temperature (between 21°C and 32°C) and well-distributed annual rainfall (about 1,200 mm to 1,800 mm) required for cocoa growth. The humid atmosphere and absence of extreme cold enable the cocoa tree to thrive throughout the year.
(ii) Fertile and Well-Drained Soil: Cocoa grows best in deep, well-drained loamy soils rich in organic matter. The presence of such soils in Nigeria’s cocoa-producing regions, such as Ondo, Cross River, and Osun states, enhances root penetration and supports the nutritional needs of cocoa plants.
(iii) Availability of Forested Areas for Shade: Young cocoa plants require partial shade to prevent direct exposure to intense sunlight. Nigeria’s tropical rainforests provide natural shade and wind protection, which are critical for the successful establishment and growth of cocoa seedlings.
(iv) Skilled and Experienced Labour Force: Cocoa farming has been practiced for decades in Nigeria, leading to the development of a skilled local labour force. Many rural farmers are experienced in cocoa cultivation, pruning, harvesting, and fermentation processes, which promotes steady production.
(v) Government Support and Extension Services: Government agencies and agricultural extension officers have provided training, subsidized inputs, and seedlings to cocoa farmers. These initiatives help farmers adopt modern farming techniques and increase productivity, thereby encouraging continued cocoa cultivation.
(vi) Access to Local and International Markets: Cocoa is one of Nigeria’s leading export crops. The availability of domestic buyers and export opportunities provides an incentive for farmers to cultivate cocoa, as they are assured of profitable returns and consistent demand.
(vii) Presence of Research Institutes and Improved Varieties: Institutions such as the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) play a vital role in developing high-yielding, disease-resistant cocoa varieties. Access to such innovations supports sustainable cocoa production and encourages more farmers to engage in its cultivation.
(viii) Suitable Topography and Drainage: Cocoa is best grown on slightly undulating land with good drainage to avoid waterlogging. The southwestern regions of Nigeria, which are major cocoa-producing areas, possess this suitable topography, thereby promoting large-scale cocoa cultivation.
(5b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Provision of Improved Seedlings and Inputs: The government and agricultural agencies should distribute high-yielding, disease-resistant cocoa seedlings to farmers. Access to fertilizers, pesticides, and other quality inputs at subsidized rates will enhance productivity and reduce losses due to pests, diseases, and low genetic quality of existing cocoa trees.
(ii) Strengthening Extension Services: Deploying more trained agricultural extension officers to cocoa-producing areas will improve farmers’ knowledge of modern farming techniques. Regular training on pruning, pest control, fermentation, and drying methods will boost yields and ensure better quality beans that meet international standards.
(iii) Rehabilitation of Aged Cocoa Plantations: Many cocoa farms in Nigeria have old and unproductive trees. Government and private stakeholders should support the replacement or rehabilitation of these farms through replanting programs. This will increase productivity and attract more young people to cocoa farming.
(iv) Improvement of Rural Infrastructure: Poor roads, lack of electricity, and inadequate storage facilities hinder cocoa distribution and preservation. Investing in rural infrastructure such as feeder roads, warehouses, and power supply will reduce post-harvest losses and ease the transport of cocoa to markets and ports.
(v) Access to Affordable Credit Facilities: Smallholder cocoa farmers often lack capital for expansion and farm maintenance. Government and microfinance institutions should provide low-interest loans and grants tailored to cocoa farmers. This financial support will enable them to buy inputs, hire labour, and invest in improved techniques.
(vi) Control of Pests and Diseases: Regular supply and promotion of effective pesticides and fungicides should be prioritized. Additionally, awareness campaigns and proper training in integrated pest management (IPM) will help farmers control common cocoa diseases like black pod, mirids, and capsids more effectively.
(vii) Stable and Competitive Pricing: Fluctuating cocoa prices discourage many farmers. Establishing minimum pricing systems or cocoa marketing boards can stabilize income and protect farmers from exploitation by middlemen. This encourages increased cultivation and long-term investment in the sector.
(viii) Youth Empowerment and Incentives: Most cocoa farmers are aging, and there is low youth interest in the crop. Introducing training programs, financial incentives, and land allocation schemes for youths will attract the younger generation to cocoa farming and sustain production for future needs.
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