EXAM: WAEC 2025
SUBJECT: government
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GOVERNMENT
01-10: CADBCAAADA
11-20: CAADABBDBB
21-30: BBCBBBBBDB
31-40: CCCDBAABCA
41-50: DCAABADCAC
COMPLETED
(1)(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Channeling Public Opinion: Political parties collect and organize public sentiments on various national and local issues. They act as a conduit through which the people’s voices are transmitted to the government. This helps align public policies with the will and preferences of the majority, making governance more democratic.
(ii) Simplifying Governance: Parties bring order to the political system by grouping individuals with similar ideologies and goals. This organization simplifies the legislative process, as party members usually vote as a bloc, allowing smoother decision-making and more coherent policy implementation.
(iii) Creating Policy Platforms: Each political party crafts a distinct policy agenda that outlines its plans for economic development, social welfare, national security, and more. These platforms give voters a clearer idea of what to expect if a party comes to power, enhancing transparency and democratic choice.
(iv) Providing Electoral Competition: Through multiple parties vying for power, democracy thrives on competition. Political parties contest elections to offer alternative leadership and solutions, preventing monopoly over power and encouraging innovation in policy-making to appeal to voters.
(v) Enabling Checks and Balances: The presence of opposition parties ensures that those in power are monitored and held accountable. They challenge decisions, expose corruption, and advocate for fair governance, acting as watchdogs in the democratic process.
(vi) Fostering Civic Engagement: Parties often engage in voter outreach, town halls, and grassroots organizing. These activities encourage citizens to understand political matters, voice their opinions, and participate in the democratic process, thus deepening democratic involvement.
(vii) Acting as a Link Between State and Citizens: Political parties help bridge the gap between the government and the people. They gather feedback from citizens and communicate it to lawmakers, while also explaining government decisions to the public, creating a two-way flow of information vital for a responsive democracy.
(viii) Promoting Inclusivity and Representation: Parties often represent different ethnic, religious, regional, and economic groups. This inclusivity ensures that minority and marginalized voices are considered in the political process, reinforcing equality and justice in a democratic society.
(ix) Training Ground for Political Talent: Parties nurture new leaders by involving them in various roles and responsibilities. Over time, individuals gain the experience and skills needed to take on significant positions in public office, ensuring a continuous supply of capable leadership.
(x) Supporting Peaceful Transitions of Power: Democratic systems rely on the peaceful handover of authority through elections. Political parties accept electoral outcomes and prepare for future contests, contributing to political stability and respect for democratic norms and institutions.
(No 2)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Disseminating Critical Information
Media outlets play a central role in spreading news and updates about local, national, and international affairs. In a democracy, this function ensures that citizens stay aware of events that impact their rights, communities, and governance.
(ii) Exposing Wrongdoing and Corruption: An independent media investigates and uncovers unethical practices, misconduct, and corruption among public officials. This scrutiny helps deter abuse of power and enforces integrity among leaders and institutions.
(iii) Nurturing Informed Public Opinion: The media shapes public thinking by offering detailed analyses, expert opinions, and factual reporting. When citizens understand the implications of political decisions, they can engage in more thoughtful and informed discussions and voting.
(iv) Reflecting Diverse Perspectives: A healthy democracy thrives on diversity of opinion. The media serves as a platform where people of different backgrounds, ideologies, and beliefs can share their views, promoting inclusivity and understanding across society.
(v) Supporting Electoral Integrity: During elections, the media plays a watchdog role by covering campaigns, debates, voting procedures, and electoral fairness. It helps prevent manipulation or fraud and ensures that voters can make well-grounded choices.
(vi) Acting as a Bridge Between Leaders and Citizens: The media facilitates communication between the government and the public. It transmits public concerns to policymakers and broadcasts government responses, enabling a dynamic flow of dialogue essential in a representative democracy.
(vii) Encouraging Civic Awareness: Media campaigns often focus on public awareness, such as explaining new laws, voter registration processes, or constitutional rights. These efforts empower individuals to act responsibly and make their voices count in democratic settings.
(viii) Enhancing Transparency in Governance: By providing continuous coverage of legislative sessions, public spending, and political decisions, the media shines a light on state activities. This openness fosters accountability and builds public trust in democratic processes.
(ix) Influencing Policy Direction: Through investigative reporting and public pressure, media can spotlight social issues like inequality, unemployment, or climate change. This attention compels leaders to address such matters in policy agendas, reflecting the will of the people.
(x) Defending Press Freedom and Civil Liberties: In a democracy, a free press is crucial for protecting broader freedoms, such as the right to speak, assemble, and protest. The media champions these liberties, often taking a stand when they are threatened or undermined.
(No4)
(i)Independence of the Judiciary: The judiciary should be independent and insulated from political interference. This can be achieved through constitutional guarantees and institutional safeguards.
(ii)Checks and Balances: The government can establish checks and balances to prevent the judiciary from abusing its power. This can include legislative oversight and judicial review.
(iii)Transparency and Accountability: The judiciary should be transparent and accountable in its decision-making processes. This can be achieved through clear rules and procedures, as well as mechanisms for appealing judicial decisions.
(iv)Merit-Based Appointments: Judicial appointments should be based on merit, rather than political considerations. This can help ensure that judges are impartial and competent.
(v)Public Engagement and Education: The government can promote public engagement and education on the role of the judiciary and the importance of judicial independence. This can help build trust and confidence in the judicial system.
(i)Independence of the Judiciary: The judiciary should be independent and insulated from political interference. This can be achieved through constitutional guarantees and institutional safeguards.
(ii)Checks and Balances: The government can establish checks and balances to prevent the judiciary from abusing its power. This can include legislative oversight and judicial review.
(iii)Transparency and Accountability: The judiciary should be transparent and accountable in its decision-making processes. This can be achieved through clear rules and procedures, as well as mechanisms for appealing judicial decisions.
(iv)Merit-Based Appointments: Judicial appointments should be based on merit, rather than political considerations. This can help ensure that judges are impartial and competent.
(v)Public Engagement and Education: The government can promote public engagement and education on the role of the judiciary and the importance of judicial independence. This can help build trust and confidence in the judicial system.
(5)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Promotes civic participation: A political culture that encourages active involvement in politics, such as voting, advocacy, and public debate, helps citizens influence decision-making processes that drive development policies.
(ii) Strengthens democratic institutions: When political culture supports the rule of law, accountability, and respect for democratic norms, it leads to stable institutions that are crucial for sustainable state development.
(iii) Fosters national unity: Shared political values and beliefs can bridge ethnic, religious, or regional divides, promoting social cohesion and a collective commitment to national development goals.
(iv) Encourages political stability: A political culture that embraces peaceful conflict resolution and respect for electoral outcomes reduces political unrest, creating an environment conducive to development.
(v) Builds trust in government: When citizens believe in the legitimacy and fairness of political processes, it fosters trust in public institutions, leading to better cooperation with development programs and reforms.
(vi) Enhances policy continuity: A mature political culture supports consistent policy implementation beyond individual leaders, ensuring that long-term development projects are not disrupted by political transitions.
(vii) Promotes transparency and accountability: Political cultures that value openness help combat corruption, making governance more efficient and aligning resources toward developmental priorities.
(viii) Supports innovation and reform: In societies where political culture encourages critical thinking and openness to change, governments are more likely to adopt innovative solutions that drive development.
(ix) Facilitates inclusive governance: A participatory political culture ensures that marginalized groups have a voice in policymaking, leading to more equitable and balanced development outcomes.
(x) Encourages patriotism and public service: Political culture that values service to the nation inspires citizens and leaders to act in the public interest, contributing to the growth and progress of the state.
(No, 6)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Grassroots Mobilization and Political Awareness: Traditional rulers have direct access to the grassroots and are highly respected by local populations. They can play a key role in educating citizens on democratic values, voting rights, and civic responsibilities, thereby deepening political participation and awareness.
(ii) Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding: Traditional institutions have long-standing mechanisms for resolving disputes peacefully. Incorporating their conflict mediation roles into the democratic process can help reduce election-related violence and communal clashes, promoting political stability.
(iii) Promoting Accountability and Good Conduct: Traditional rulers can serve as moral watchdogs by holding local government officials accountable to the people. Their presence and authority can deter corrupt practices and encourage leaders to act in the interest of their communities.
(iv) Bridging the Gap Between Government and the People: Because traditional authorities are closer to the people, they can serve as effective intermediaries between the government and rural communities. This helps ensure that government policies and programs reflect the true needs of the people.
(v) Supporting Electoral Processes: Traditional rulers can assist electoral bodies by mobilizing their communities for peaceful elections and discouraging voter apathy or electoral malpractice. Their influence can contribute to higher voter turnout and credible elections.
(vi) Preservation of Cultural Values and Identity: By promoting local traditions and values, traditional institutions can enhance a sense of national identity and unity. Cultural integration supports the legitimacy of democratic governance rooted in indigenous systems.
(vii) Facilitating Development Projects: Traditional leaders often play a key role in granting access to land and mobilizing local support for community development. Their collaboration with elected officials can ensure the smooth implementation of government projects.
(viii) Promoting Social Justice and Inclusion: Traditional rulers can advocate for marginalized groups such as women, youth, and minority communities, ensuring that all voices are heard in the democratic process. Their inclusive role helps build a fair and equitable society.
(7)
(PICKA ANY FIVE)
(i) Patriotism and National Unity: Nationalist leaders emphasized love for the nation and unity among diverse ethnic and religious groups. Citizens learn the value of working together for national interest above personal or sectional gains.
(ii) Commitment to Selfless Service: Many nationalist leaders sacrificed personal comfort and risked their lives for the freedom and development of their countries. This teaches citizens the importance of dedication and selflessness in public service.
(iii) Power of Collective Struggle: The success of nationalist movements showed that unity and collective action can bring about significant change. Citizens are reminded of the strength in solidarity and peaceful resistance against injustice.
(iv) Importance of Education: Most nationalist leaders were educated and used their knowledge to challenge colonial rule. This highlights the role of education in leadership, awareness, and socio-political development.
(v) Courage and Resilience: Despite oppression and imprisonment, nationalist leaders persisted. Citizens can draw inspiration to remain resilient and courageous in the face of challenges while pushing for national progress.
(vi) Visionary Leadership: Nationalist leaders had clear goals for political independence and economic empowerment. Citizens learn that purposeful leadership is essential for development and nation-building.
(vii) Peaceful Advocacy: While some nationalists used confrontation, many emphasized dialogue and peaceful negotiation. This teaches citizens the value of diplomacy and lawful means in addressing national issues.
(viii) Accountability to the People: Nationalist leaders often saw themselves as servants of the people, not rulers. This instills the lesson that public office should be about service, not personal enrichment or power.
(10)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): A country with a stable and strategic foreign policy can attract investors by ensuring political stability and favorable trade relations. This inflow of foreign capital helps develop infrastructure, create jobs, and increase government revenue, which are all essential for national development.
(ii) Access to Foreign Aid and Grants: Diplomatic relations with donor countries and international organizations enable a nation to access developmental assistance. Foreign policy that aligns with global humanitarian or development goals can secure funding for health, education, and poverty reduction programs.
(iii) Trade Promotion and Market Expansion: Through trade agreements and diplomatic ties, foreign policy opens up international markets for a country's goods and services. This boosts the local economy by increasing export revenues, supporting industrial growth, and promoting technological transfer.
(iv) Technology Transfer and Innovation: Foreign policy encourages bilateral cooperation in science and technology. Countries with strong diplomatic relations often benefit from training, research partnerships, and equipment donations that can enhance national innovation and industrial capacity.
(v) Peace and Security: Effective foreign policy fosters regional and global alliances for security cooperation. Participation in peacekeeping missions or anti-terrorism coalitions can stabilize national borders, reduce conflict risks, and create an environment conducive for development.
(vi) Human Capital Development: Diplomatic agreements in education and training offer citizens opportunities for scholarships, exchange programs, and skills development abroad. The acquired knowledge and experience can be used to boost productivity and innovation back home.
(vii) Global Image and Tourism: A positive foreign policy enhances a country's global reputation, which can attract tourists, international conferences, and business events. This increases foreign exchange earnings and creates jobs in the hospitality and service industries.
(viii) Response to Global Challenges: Effective foreign policy allows a nation to participate in global efforts to tackle climate change, pandemics, and economic crises. By being part of international frameworks, countries can access support, share best practices, and safeguard their developmental interests.
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